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| DeLorean time machine | |
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 A side view of the DeLorean outside Back to the Future: The Ride |
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| A plot element from the Back to the Future film series | |
| Publisher | Amblin Entertainment |
| First appearance | Back to the Future (1985) |
| Created by | Robert Zemeckis |
| Genre | Science fiction |
| In story information | |
| Type of plot element | Time machine |
| Function | Allows the occupants to travel through time along with the car. |
The DeLorean time machine is a fictional automobile-based time travel device featured in the Back to the Future trilogy. In the feature film series, Dr. Emmett "Doc" Brown builds a time machine from a DeLorean DMC-12 with the intent of gaining insights into history and the future but instead winds up using it to travel across 130 years of Hill Valley history (from 1885 to 2015) undoing the negative effects of time travel.
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Operation
The operation of the DeLorean time machine was consistent throughout all three films. The operator sat inside the DeLorean, except for the first time when a remote control was used, and turned on the time circuits, activating an LED display which showed the destination, present, and last-departed dates and times. After entering a target date, the operator accelerated the car to 88 mph which activated the flux capacitor. As it accelerates, several rails around the body of the car glow blue and a wormhole generator on top of the car makes a wormhole in front of the car. Surrounded by large sparks, the whole car vanishes in a flash of blue light seconds later, leaving a pair of fire trails behind. Observers outside the vehicle see an implosion of gas as the vehicle disappears, while occupants within the vehicle see a quick flash of light and instantaneously arrive at the target time in the same spatial location as when it departed. Immediately preceding the car's arrival, three large and loud flashes issue forth from the point from which the car emerges from its time travel. After the trip, the DeLorean is extremely cold, and frost forms from atmospheric moisture all over the car's body, although this was reduced after the time machine was more broken in.
Fuel
In Back to the Future, Doc stated that the time machine was electrical but that he needed a nuclear reaction (produced by plutonium borrowed/stolen from a group of Libyan terrorists) to generate the 1.21 gigawatts of electricity needed. This is the only film where the plutonium is mentioned. A bolt of lightning was used to power the flux capacitor twice in the series, once with a large pole and hook rigged up to the car to help Marty get back to 1985, and again accidentally in flight to send Doc to 1885. At the end of Back to the Future and in the same scene re-shot four years later in the beginning of Back to the Future Part II, we learn about the Mr. Fusion model fusion generator, made by Fusion Industries which uses garbage as fuel. It was installed in place of the nuclear reactor from the first film during Doc's first journey thirty years into the future, 2015, when he also had the hover conversion installed. The power source of the flying components is stated in Back to the Future Part III to also be "Mr. Fusion", but the gas engine appears to be running when the car flies. Also a different flying car can be seen getting some type of fuel pumped into it on the roof of a Texaco in 2015 in the second film. In Back to the Future Part III, the DeLorean's fuel line was damaged during the chase by Indians in 1885, and Doc and Marty's only supply of gasoline was lost. It is stated by Doc that "Mr. Fusion powers the time circuits and the flux capacitor, but the internal combustion engine runs on ordinary gasoline. It always has." (It is never mentioned whether Doc had any problem with the leaded gasoline of 1955; non-US-market DeLoreans ran on this fuel quite happily, so there is no reason to think that there need have been a problem). In a desperate attempt to get home, alcohol was used in place of gasoline after the fuel line was patched, destroying the seventy-three-year-old DeLorean's fuel injection manifold. The car never traveled under its own power again (at least across land), but was pulled by a team of horses and later pushed by an 1880s locomotive.
The power required is pronounced in the film as "one point twenty-one jiggawatts" (1,210,000,000 watts). While the closed-captioning in home video versions spells the word as it appears in the script, jigowatt,1 the actual spelling matches the standard prefix and the term for power of "one thousand million watts": gigawatt. Though obscure, the "j" sound at the beginning of the SI prefix giga- is still an acceptable pronunciation for "gigawatt".23 In the DVD commentary for Back to the Future, Robert Zemeckis stated that he had thought it was pronounced this way because this was how the scientific adviser that he had for the film pronounced it.
1.21 gigawatts is approximately the power output of an average-sized power station.citation needed
Equipment
Flux capacitor
The flux capacitor, which consisted of a regularly squared compartment with three flashing lights arranged as a "Y", was described by Doc as "what makes time travel possible". The device is the core component of the time machine.
The device was located between the headrests of the seats and, as the time machine neared 88 mph, light coming from the flux capacitor pulsed faster until it became a steady stream of light. Doc originally conceived the idea for the flux capacitor on November 5, 1955 when he slipped and hit his head on the sink while standing on the toilet to hang a clock. A flux capacitor is also seen in the front of Doc's second time machine the "Jules Verne" train at the end of Back to the Future III.
A flux capacitor appeared in Back to the Future: The Ride at various Universal Studios theme parks. After the closing of Back to the Future: The Ride Doc can still be seen riding around on a bike, complete with its own flux capacitor.citation needed
Although the films do not describe exactly how the flux capacitor works, Doc mentions at one point that the stainless steel body of the DeLorean has a direct and influential effect on the "flux dispersal", but he is interrupted before he can finish the explanation. The flux capacitor requires 1.21 gigawatts of electrical power to operate.
Mr. Fusion
The Mr. Fusion Home Energy Reactor is the name of a power source used by the DeLorean time machine in the Back to the Future trilogy. It can be seen towards the end of Back to the Future when "Doc" Emmett Brown pulls into the McFlys' driveway after a trip to the year 2015, and is an obvious parody of Mr. Coffee machines, which were very popular at the time of filming. The appliance from which the prop was made was actually a Krups "Coffina" model coffee grinder, which is highly sought after by collectors.
The Mr. Fusion Home Energy Reactor converts household waste to power for the time machine's flux capacitor and time circuits using nuclear fusion (specifically cold fusion.) In the film, Mr. Fusion allows the DeLorean time machine to generate the required 1.21 gigawatts needed to travel to any point in time. The energy produced by Mr. Fusion replaces plutonium as the primary power source of the DeLorean's time travel and flight capabilities, allowing the characters to bypass the arduous power-generation requirements that the plot of the first film hinged upon. It is never mentioned what Doc Brown did with the remaining plutonium, or if he used it all during unseen trips after he leaves Marty near the end of Back to the Future part one.
When the DeLorean is parked in a 2015 alleyway, a "Fusion Industries" machine is briefly seen.
Fictional timeline
For most of the first film, the 1.21 gigawatts were supplied by a plutonium-powered nuclear reactor and, with the absence of plutonium, a bolt of lightning channeled directly into the flux capacitor by a long pole and hook in the film's climactic sequence. At the end of the first film and for the remainder of the trilogy, the plutonium nuclear reactor was replaced by a "Mr. Fusion Home Energy Reactor" generator possibly acquired in the year 2015. An obvious parody of Mr. Coffee, the prop was built from a Krups coffee grinder. The same coffee grinder can also be seen in the galley of the Nostromo in the 1979 film Alien. The "Mr. Fusion" device apparently converts household waste into electrical power. Due to a "hover conversion" made in 2015, the car also became capable of hovering and flight, though it lost this ability at the end of the second film.
The DeLorean returned to 1985 and proceeded to travel to 2015, where it was stolen, taken back to 1955, and returned again to 2015 without Doc's knowledge. When they returned in 1985, they found it was a different present, so they traveled back to 1955 to fix the timeline. The DeLorean was again struck by lightning in the year 1955 (in the very same electrical storm), this time by accident, causing it to malfunction, activating the flux capacitor, leaving a twisted fire trail behind. The lightning created an overload and the DeLorean vanished from 1955, traveling back in time to 1885 (earlier in the film, Doc had mentioned that the time circuits were not functioning correctly; several instances in the film that show the time circuit display showed 1885 as the destination when the time circuits malfunctioned).
Once in 1885, the DeLorean was then hidden in the Delgado mine for 70 years, because suitable replacement parts to replace the DeLorean's destroyed microchip would not be invented until 1947. The DeLorean was recovered from the mine in 1955 and repaired by Doc Brown's 1955 counterpart, thus restoring it to working order; Doc's modifications seem to use vacuum tubes and not transistors. While Doc stated he was happy in his new life in 1885 and informed Marty that he was not to attempt to retrieve him, Marty and the Doc of 1955 learn of tragedy to come Doc's way in 1885; therefore, the 1955 Doc agrees to send Marty back to the Old West. Due to a broken fuel line caused by a Native American attack during Marty's re-entry and an attempt to substitute alcohol for fuel which destroyed the fuel injectors, the DeLorean's final trip from 1885 to 1985 was partially powered by a steam locomotive pushing the vehicle up to 88 mph while using Mr. Fusion to generate the 1.21 gigawatt required to activate the flux capacitor and break the time barrier.
Once the DeLorean returned to the proper 1985 timeline, Marty was able to bail out before it was destroyed by a train running the opposite direction.
Other elements
The DeLorean time machine was a licensed, registered vehicle in the state of California, where the films take place. The vanity license plate used in the film said "OUTATIME" (which is too long for the standard 7 characters on California license plates), and when Doc returned from the future, it was a barcode license plate, which implied that by that year license plates have moved to other more sophisticated means of tracking and registering.
Although the DeLorean was destroyed at the end of the trilogy, Doc used a steam locomotive, and created a new flux capacitor to create the Time Train enabling him to return to 1985 with Clara and their two sons, Jules and Verne. Unlike its predecessor, the locomotive's flux capacitor was steam-powered and located on the front of the vehicle rather than within the passenger area. The locomotive also has the ability to fly and hover, much like the DeLorean at the end of Part I and throughout Part II, and the future (2015) era cars in Part II. There is some suggestion that this is possible because he had already taken it forward in time before it is seen and obtained a "hoverconversion" much like the one done to the DeLorean, which is also suggested by the almost identical nature of the transformation.
In The Animated Series, Doc rebuilt the DeLorean, restoring most of its features, including Mr. Fusion and the hover conversion. He also seemingly added the capability to travel through space in addition to time (i. e., appear at a different location than the one it departed), similar to the TARDIS from Doctor Who. The cartoon DeLorean time machine had many add-ons, including a back seat in normal two-door mode, the ability to transform into a four-door, a pop-out covered wagon top, a blimp, a rear video screen, and a voice activated time input.
Behind the scenes
Development
The time machine went through several variations during production of the first film, Back to the Future. In the first draft of the screenplay, the time machine was a laser device that was housed in a room. At the end of the first draft the device was attached to a refrigerator and taken to an atomic bomb test site. Director Robert Zemeckis said in an interview that the idea was scrapped because he did not want children to start climbing into refrigerators and getting trapped inside. In the third draft of the film the time machine was a car, as Zemeckis reasoned that if you were going to make a time machine, you would want it to be mobile.4 The specific choice of vehicle was a DeLorean DMC-12 for the purposes of it looking like an alien spaceship5 due to its characteristic gullwing doors. However, in order to send Marty back to the future, the vehicle had to drive into a nuclear test site. Ultimately this concept was considered too expensive to film, so the power source was changed to lightning.
When the filmmakers arrived at the point where the time machine would be built into a car, the art department was instructed to come up with designs for the DeLorean. Andrew Probert was the first artist to explore the subject, before Ron Cobb joined the production, but his designs were deemed "too perfect" for the look the producers wanted, which was to make it look as if it had been built in a garage by Doc Brown. The idea was that it had been constructed with parts found in a hardware and electronics store, so it couldn’t look too sophisticated. It also had to look dangerous, as Producer Bob Gale noted in the DVD commentary for Back to the Future.5 The task was undertaken by Ron Cobb who added the coils to the back of the vehicle. The nuclear reactor was also a design choice made by Cobb. This choice proved to be important, given the direction the script had taken. Cobb complemented the nuclear reactor with one vent on the back of the car, since it was generally known at the time that nuclear reactors had vents. Once Cobb had left the production, the producers wanted to balance the design with another vent, keeping a symmetrical aesthetic. Probert was asked to step in and he brought the design to its final form. At the end of the first film of the trilogy these vents become the propulsion system for the improved DeLorean, which now had hovering abilities and could reach the time-traveling speed of 88 miles per hour flying. The production design team added other buttons and lights inside the car to make it look more appealing and complex in order for the audience to have something attractive to look at.
Different parts from three 1981 DeLoreans were used in the first film.citation needed Liquid nitrogen was poured onto the car for scenes after it had traveled through time to give the impression that it was cold. The base for the nuclear-reactor was made from the hubcap from a Dodge Polara. Aircraft parts and blinking lights were added for effect. Ultimately, 5 real DeLoreans were used in the filming of the trilogy; plus one 'process' car built for interior shots. The cars in the first film suffered from overheating due in part to the time machine add ons, causing multiple blown engines. This was remedied in the sequels by using Porsche engines. In the off road scenes in part III a Baja Beatle frame was fitted to the DeLorean with the white wall tires and baby moon hubcaps.6 A 7th DeLorean was also used in the filming, however, this one was merely a full-sized, fiberglass model used for exterior shots where the vehicle hovers above the set and actors interact with the vehicle.7
See also
References
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to: DeLorean time machine |
- ^ "Back to The Future Script" (PDF). http://www.imsdb.com/scripts/Back-to-the-Future.pdf. Retrieved 2010-03-08.
- ^ "definition and pronunciation of gigawatt". Merriam-Webster Feb 2008. 2007-04-25. http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/gigawatt. Retrieved 2010-03-08.
- ^ "A Practical Guide to the International System of Units, U.S. Metric Association, Feb 2008". Lamar.colostate.edu. 2006-04-05. http://lamar.colostate.edu/~hillger/si-prefixes.html. Retrieved 2010-03-08.
- ^ Zemeckis, Robert; Gale, Bob. (1985). The making of Back to the Future. [VHS]. Universal Pictures.
- ^ a b Zemeckis, Robert; Gale, Bob. (2002). Back to the Future: The Complete Trilogy DVD commentary for part 1. [DVD]. Universal Pictures.
- ^ Klastorin, Michael; Hibbin, Sally (1990). Back to The Future: The Official Book of The Complete Movie Trilogy. Hamlyn. p. 40. ISBN 0-600-57104-1. "6 DeLoreans, including one 'process' car which can be dismantled for easy access, and a lightweight fibreglass model, were used in the filming."
- ^ Klastorin, Michael; Hibbin, Sally (1990). Back to The Future: The Official Book of The Complete Movie Trilogy. Hamlyn. p. 43. ISBN 0-600-57104-1. "A lightweight, full-size fibreglass DeLorean was built, complete with radio-controlled wheels. This DeLorean was flown by wires with the aid of a crane."
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